C. S. Lewis's defense of pastoralism is quoted in Laurence Lerner, The Uses of Nostalgia: Studies in Pastoral Poetry (1972). I have consulted a number of other studies that deal in whole or in part with pastoralism: Roger Sales, English Literature in History: Pastoral and Politics (1983) and Closer to Home: Writers and Places in England (1986); Jean-Paul Hulin and Pierre Coustillas, eds., Victorian Writers and the City (1979); Raymond Williams, The Country and the City (1973); reviews of Williams's book by Allan Goldfein (Commentary, Nov. 1973) and Marshall Berman (New York Times, 15 July 1973); Raymond Chapman, The Sense of the Past in Victorian Literature (1986); William Empson, Some Versions of Pastoral (1935); and Peter Coveney, Poor Monkey: The Child in Literature (1957). Coleridge's remark about Wordsworth is quoted in the Norton edition of The Prelude; Philip Davis's, in his Memory and Writing: From Wordsworth to Lawrence (1983).

Bentham's disparagement of the "wisdom of our ancestors" is quoted in Chapman, Sense of the Past. Emerson's plea for an "original relation to the universe" introduces Nature (1836). On the mythology of the American West, see Henry Nash Smith, Virgin Land (1950), and two books by Richard Slotkin, Regeneration through Violence: The Mythology of the American Frontier (1973) and The Fatal Environment: The Myth of the Frontier in the Age of Industrialization (1985). Melville's description of the rhetoric of Moby Dick as a "nervous lofty language" is mentioned in F. O. Matthiessen, American Renaissance (1941). His list of civilized "discomforts" comes from Typee (1845). Owen Wister's popular novel The Virginian (1902) immortalized the expression "when you call me that, smile."

Richard Lingeman, Small Town America (1980), and Anthony Channel Hilfer, The Revolt from the Village (1969), furnished material for my exploration of the village idyll. On the medical background of the concept of nostalgia, see Willis H. McCann, "Nostalgia: A Descriptive and Comparative Study" (Ph.D. thesis, Indiana, 1940). The material on Fitzgerald comes from The Basil and Josephine Stories, written in the twenties but collected only in 1973. The discussion of Mumford is based on The Brown Decades (1931). Life's mid-century issue bears the date of 2 January 1950. George W. S. Trow's observations on the "older, more distant world" invoked by the media appear in Within the Context of No Context (1981), one of the few studies of mass media to get beyond clichés.

The material in the last two sections of this chapter, "Nostalgia Politicized" and "The Frozen Past," comes from "The Monotony of the Machine," Nation, 23 April 1914, 452-53; C. E. Ayres, "A People's Houses" (review of Mumford's Sticks and Stones), New Republic, 10 Dec. 1924, 7-8; reviews by Mumford and John Dewey in the same journal, 5 Aug. 1931, 321-22, and 13 April 1932, 242-44; Richard Hofstadter, The American Political Tradition (1948); Arthur P. Dudden, "Nostalgia and the American," Journal of the History of Ideas 32 (1961): 515-30; Fred Davis, "Nostalgia, Identity, and the Current Nostalgia Wave,"Journal of Popular Culture II (1977): 4I4-24; "The Great Nostalgia Kick," U.S. News & World Report, 22 March 1982, 57;

-537-